Charles Sheeler (July 16, 1883 – May 7, 1965) was an American artist known for his Precisionism paintings, commercial photography, and the 1921 avant-garde film, Manhatta, which he made in collaboration with Paul Strand. Sheeler is recognized as one of the early adopters of modernism in American art.
Early life and career
Charles Rettew Sheeler Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art from 1900 to 1903, and then the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under William Merritt Chase. He found early success as a painter and exhibited at the Macbeth Gallery in 1908.
[Borland, Jennifer. Finding Aid to the Charles Sheeler Papers, circa 1840s-1966, bulk 1923-1965. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.] Most of his education was in drawing and other applied arts. He went to Italy with other students, where he was intrigued by the Italian painters of the Middle Ages, such as Giotto and Piero della Francesca. After a trip to Paris in 1909, Sheeler was inspired by works of
Cubism artists like
Pablo Picasso and
Georges Braque.
Returning to the United States, Sheeler felt that he would not be able to make a living as a
modernist painter, so he took up commercial photography, focusing on architectural subjects. Sheeler was a self-taught photographer, learning his trade on a five dollar Brownie.
Early in his career, he was greatly impacted by the death of his close friend Morton Livingston Schamberg during the influenza epidemic of 1918.[ Grace Glueck review of Morton Schamberg, NY Times, 1982 Retrieved August 11, 2010] Schamberg's painting had focused heavily on machinery and technology,
Sheeler owned a farmhouse in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, about 39 miles outside Philadelphia, which he shared with Schamberg until the latter's death. He was so fond of the home's 19th century stove that he called it his "companion" and made it a subject of his photographs. The farmhouse itself serves a prominent role in many of his photographs, which include shots of the bedroom, kitchen, and stairway. At one point he was quoted as calling it his "cloister." His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
On April 2, 1939, Sheeler married Musya Metas Sokolova, his second wife, six years after the death in 1933 of first wife Katharine Baird Shaffer (married April 7, 1921). In 1942, Sheeler joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art as a senior research fellow in photography, worked on a project in Connecticut with the photographer Edward Weston, and moved with Musya to Irvington-on-Hudson, some twenty miles north of New York. Sheeler worked for the Metropolitan Museum's Department of Publications from 1942 to 1945, photographing artworks and historical objects.
Sheeler painted in a Precisionism style that complemented his photography and has been described as "quasi-photographic".[Styles,]
Manhatta
In 1920, Sheeler invited photographer Paul Strand to collaborate on a "portrait" of Manhattan in film. The resulting 35mm nine-minute series of vignettes, called
Manhatta after
Walt Whitman's poem,
Mannahatta, was the first avant-garde film created in America.
In 1995 the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Work with General Motors and Ford Motor Company
His work is featured at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren Michigan.
He was hired by the Ford Motor Company to photograph and make paintings of their factories.
Photography and film work
Films created by Charles Sheeler
Photographic works
Selected paintings
Early works
Power series
In 1940,
Fortune Magazine published a series of six paintings commissioned of Sheeler. To prepare for the series, Sheeler spent a year traveling and taking photographs.
Fortune editors aimed to “reflect life through forms … that trace the firm pattern of the human mind,” and Sheeler chose six subjects to fulfill this theme: a
water wheel (
Primitive Power), a
steam turbine (
Steam Turbine), the
railroad (
Rolling Power), a
Water turbine (
Suspended Power), an
airplane (
Yankee Clipper) and a
dam (
Conversation: Sky and Earth) .
Later works
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Interior (1940) – National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
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Fugue (1940) – Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Bucks County Barn (1940) – Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago
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The Artist Looks at Nature (1943) – Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
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Water (1945) – Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
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Incantation (1946) – Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn
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Amoskeag Canal (1948) – Currier Museum of Art, Manchester
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Windows (1952) – Hirschl & Adler Galleries, New York City
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Conversation Piece (1952) – Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Winston-Salem
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Aerial Gyrations (1953) – San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco
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New England Irrelevancies (1953) – Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Ore Into Iron (1953) – Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Stacks in Celebration (1954) – Dayton Art Institute, Dayton
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Architectural Cadences Number 4 (1954) – Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth
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Lunenburg (1954) – Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Midwest (1954) – Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
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Golden Gate (1955) – Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
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Western Industrial (1955) – Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
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The Web (1955) – Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, NY
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On a Shaker Theme (1956) – Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Red Against White (1957) – Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Composition Around White (1959) – Collection of Deborah and Ed Shein
Exhibitions
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"Charles Sheeler: Paintings, Drawings, Photographs" – Museum of Modern Art, New York, October 4 – November 1, 1939.
[.]
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"Paintings by Charles Sheeler" – Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio, November 2 – December 2, 1944.
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"Charles Sheeler: A Retrospective Exhibition" – Art Galleries, University of California at Los Angeles, October 11 – November 7, 1954. Toured November 18 – June 15, 1955 at the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco; Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego; and Fort Worth Art Center, Fort Worth, Texas; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia; Munson-Williams Proctor Institute, Utica, New York.
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"Charles Sheeler Retrospective Exhibition" – Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania, November 17 – December 31, 1961.
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"Charles Sheeler Retrospective Exhibition" - March 17 – April 14, 1963 - State University of Iowa, Department of Art.
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"Charles Sheeler" – National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, DC, October 10 – November 24, 1968. Toured January 10 – April 27, 1969 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.
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"Charles Sheeler: The Works on Paper" - Museum of Art, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, February 10 – March 24, 1974; Terry Dintenfass, Incorporated, 18 East 67 Street, New York, NY, April 2–20, 1974. 62 works on paper. An exhibition organized at the Pennsylvania State University; catalogue and selection by John P. Driscoll; catalogue foreword, Wm. Hull, Director, Museum of Art, The Pennsylvania State University; 81 pages. "Charles Sheeler: The Works on Paper", Museum of Art, The Pennsylvania State University, 1974.
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"Charles Sheeler: Across Media" – National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, May 7 – August 27, 2006. Toured at the Art Institute of Chicago, October 7, 2006 – January 7, 2007; and the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, February 10 – May 6, 2007. 50 works included, including paintings, photographs, works on paper, and a film.
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"The Photography of Charles Sheeler" – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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"Charles Sheeler: Fashion, Photography, and Sculptural Form", Curated by Kirsten M. Jensen, Ph.D., Gerry & Marguerite Lenfest, Chief Curator, James A. Michener Art Museum, March 18-July 9, 2017.
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“Charles Sheeler from Doylestown to Detroit” – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, July 22–November 4, 2017.
Gallery
=== Paintings ===
=== Photographs ===
Notes
"Power: A portfolio by Charles Sheeler", ''Fortune'' magazine (December 1940) Time Inc., Volume XXII, Number 6
Further reading
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Murphy, Jessica. “Charles Sheeler (1883–1965).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (November 2009)
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See also
External links
